Volume 3, Issue 1 (3-2021)
JAD 2021, 3(1): 27-36 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Limbu J H, Subba S, Gurung J K, Tumbahangfe J, Subba B R. Correlation of fish assemblages with habitat and environmental variables in the Phewa Khola Stream of Mangsebung Rural Municipality, Ilam, Nepal. JAD 2021; 3 (1) :27-36
URL: http://jad.lu.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html
URL: http://jad.lu.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html
1- Nature Conservation and Health Care Council, Biratnagar, Nepal , limbujash@gmail.com
2- Dhankuta Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Dhankuta, Nepal
3- Damak Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Damak, Jhapa, Nepal
4- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
5- Post Graduate Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal
2- Dhankuta Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Dhankuta, Nepal
3- Damak Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Damak, Jhapa, Nepal
4- Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
5- Post Graduate Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal
Abstract: (9114 Views)
We assessed the correlation of fish assemblages with habitat and environmental variables temporally from July and October, 2019 and January and April, 2020 across 5 study sites in the Phewa Khola stream of Mangsebung Rural Municipality, Ilam, Nepal. We sampled 3571 fish representing 13 species, belonging to 3 orders, 4 families, and 9 genera. An analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) indicated that there is a significant difference between the fish assemblage structure in space (R= 0.833, P= 0.001) but not in time (R= -0.148, P= 0.985). Our habitat study showed that glides, runs, pools and deep pools are the primary habitats contributing to the maximum diversity in the Phewa Khola stream. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) affirmed that variables such as pH, water temperature, water velocity, total hardness and dissolved oxygen play an important role in shaping fish species distribution. Results from the similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER) hinted that, 67.08% similarity was found between the months and the major contributing species were Schistura multifasciata (20.61%), Devario aequipinnatus (16.48%), Schistura rupecula (15.65%), Garra annandalei (15.36%), Schistura horai (7.74%), Schistura scaturigina (5.91%), Schistura savona (5.74%), Schizothorax plagiostomus (4.37%), Channa punctata (3.9%), Puntius terio (1.9%) and Neolissochilus hexagonolepis (1.39%). On the contrary, a 76.23% similarity was found between the sites and the major contributing species were Schistura multifasciata (21%), Devario aequipinnatus (16.8%), Garra annandalei (15.89%), Schistura rupecula (15.38%), Schistura horai (7.7%), Schistura scaturigina (5.66%), Schistura savona (4.9%), Schizothorax plagiostomus (4.4%), Channa punctata (3.97%), Puntius terio (2%) and Neolissochilus hexagonolepis (1.43%). Ongoing road development, micro-hydropower generation, the use of poisonous herbicides, illegal electro-fishing, deforestation and water diversion are all found to be major threats to the present fish species of the Phewa Khola stream.
Type of Study: Original Research Article |
Subject:
Ecological Diversity
Received: 2020/12/11 | Accepted: 2021/01/23 | Published: 2021/05/24
Received: 2020/12/11 | Accepted: 2021/01/23 | Published: 2021/05/24
References
1. Blanc, L., Aliaume, A., Zerbi, L. and Lasserre, G. (2001). Spatial and temporal co-structure analyses between ichthyofauna and environment: an example in the tropics. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series III - Sciences de la Vie, 324 (7): 635–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0764-4469(01)01338-5 [DOI]
2. Chaudhary, S., Limbu, J. H, Subba, S., Gurung, J. K., Pandey, N and Singh, D. K. (2020). Fish assemblage structure and environmental correlates in Nepal’s West Rapti River. Our Nature, 18 (1): 28–37.
3. Clarke, K. R. (1993). Non‐parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology, 18 (1): 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1993.tb00438.x [DOI]
4. Edds, D. R. (1986). Fishes of the Kali Gandaki/Narayani River, Nepal. Journal of the Nepal Natural History Museum, 10: 13–22.
5. Espírito-Santo, H. M. V. and Zuanon, J. (2017). Temporary pools provide stability to fish assemblages in Amazon headwater streams. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 26 (3): 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/eff.12292 [DOI]
6. Favrot, S. D., Jonasson, B. C. and Peterson, J. T. (2018). Fall and winter microhabitat use and suitability for Spring Chinook Salmon Parr in a U.S. Pacific Northwest River. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 147 (1): 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10011 [DOI]
7. Gauch, H. G. (1982). Multivariate analysis in community ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 312 pp.
8. Gerhard, P., Maraes, R. and Molander, S. (2004). Stream fish communities and their associations to habitat variables in a rain forest reserve in southeastern Brazil. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 71 (4): 321–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-004-1260-y [DOI]
9. Gore, J. A., Bryant, F. L. and Crawford, D. J. (1995). River and stream restoration, In: Cairns, J. (Ed.), Rehabilitating damaged ecosystems. 2nd Edition. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA. pp. 245–275.
10. Han, Y. Q. (2010). Studies on fish species diversity and evolution trend in Lijiang River. Journal of Hydroecology, 3: 132–135.
11. Huang, J., Huang, L., Wu, Z., Mo, Y., Zou, Q., Wu, N. and Chen, Z. (2019). Correlation of fish assemblages with habitat and environmental variables in a Headwater Stream Section of Lijiang River, China. Sustainability, 11 (4): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041135 [DOI]
12. Jayaram, K. C. (2010). The freshwater fishes of Indian region. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi, India. 614 pp.
13. Kadye, W. T., Magadza, C. H. D., Moyo, N. A. G. and Kativu, S. (2008). Stream fish assemblages in relation to environmental factors on a montane plateau. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 83: 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-008-9364-4 [DOI]
14. Lammert, M. and Allan, J. D. (1999). Assessing biotic integrity of streams: effects of scale in measuring the influence of land use/cover and habitat structure on fish and macroinvertebrates. Environmental Management, 23: 257−270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002679900184 [DOI]
15. Legendre, P. and Legendre, L. (1998). Numerical Ecology. Second Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. 853 pp.
16. Li, J., Huang, L., Zou, L., Kano, Y., Sato, T. and Yahara, T. (2012). Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages and their associations to habitat variables in a mountain stream of north Tiaoxi River, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 93: 403–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9928-6 [DOI]
17. Limbu, J. H. and Gupta, S. K. (2019). Fish diversity of Damak and lower Terai region of Ratuwa River of Jhapa district, Nepal. International Journal of Fauna and Biological studies, 6 (1) 01–04.
18. Limbu, J. H. and Prasad, A. (2020). Environmental variables and fisheries diversity of the Nuwa River, Panchthar, Nepal. Scientific World, 13 (13): 69–74.
19. Limbu, J. H. and Punam, G. C. (2019c). Spatio-temporal variation of fish assemblages in Babai River of Danag district, Province No. 5, Nepal, Our Nature, 17 (1): 14–25.
20. Limbu, J. H., Acharya, G. S. and Shrestha, O. H. (2018). A brief report on ichthyofaunal diversity of Dewmai Khola of Ilam district, Nepal. Journal of Natural History Museum, 30: 312–317.
21. Limbu, J. H., Archana, P. and Baniya, C. B. (2019a). Spatio-Temporal Variation of Fish Assemblages in Ratuwa River, Ilam, Nepal. Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources, 3 (3): 1–11.
22. Limbu, J. H., Bhurtel, B., Adhikari, A., Punam, G. C., Maharjan, M. and Sunuwar, S. (2020). Fish community structure and environmental correlates in Nepal’s Andhi Khola. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 10 (2): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.2510.2020 [DOI]
23. Limbu, J. H., Chapagain, N, Gupta, S. K. and Sunuwar, S. (2019b). Review on fish diversity of eastern Nepal. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 7 (3): 177–181.
24. Limbu, J. H., Shrestha, O. H. and Prasad, A. (2018). Ichthyofaunal diversity of Bakraha River of Morang district, Nepal. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 6 (5): 267–271.
25. Magalhães, M. F., Batalha, D. C. and Collares‐Pereira, M. J. (2002). Gradients in stream fish assemblages across a Mediterranean landscape: contributions of environmental factors and spatial structure. Freshwater Biology, 47 (5): 1015–1031. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00830.x [DOI]
26. Menni, R. C., Miquelarena, A. M. and Volpedo, A. V. (2005). Fishes and environment in northwestern Argentina: from lowland to Puna. Hydrobiologia, 544: 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-004-8299-9 [DOI]
27. Mishra, A. R. and Baniya, C. B. (2016). Ichthyofaunal diversity and physico-chemical factors of Melamchi River, Sindhupalchok, Nepal. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 21 (1): 10–18.
28. Newson, M. D. and Newson, C. L. (2000). Geomorphology, ecology and river channel habitat: Mesoscale approaches to basin-scale challenges. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 24 (2): 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400203 [DOI]
29. Nilsson, C., Reidy, C. A., Dynesius, M. and Revenga, C. (2005). Fragmentation and flow regulation of the world's large river systems. Science, 308 (5720): 405–408. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1107887 [DOI]
30. Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O’Hara, R. B., Simpson, G. L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H. and Wagner, H. (2019). Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2: 3–1.
31. Pokharel, K. K., Basnet, K. B., Majupuria, T. C. and Baniya, C. B. (2018). Correlations between fish assemblage structure and environmental variables of the Seti Gandaki River Basin, Nepal. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 33 (1): 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2017.1399170 [DOI]
32. Prasad, A. and Limbu, J. H. (2017). Ichthyofaunal diversity of PhewaKhola of Ilam district, Nepal. Recent Life Science Mirror, 6 (1–2): 1–8.
33. Prasad, A., Shrestha, A., Limbu, J. H. and Swar, D. (2020). Spatial and Temporal Variation Of Fish Assemblages In Seti Gandaki River, Tanahu, Nepal. Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology, 10 (2): 93–104. https://doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.2048.2020 [DOI]
34. Punam, G. C. and Limbu, J. H. (2019). Spatio-temporal variation of fish assemblages in Babai River of Dang district, Province No. 5, Nepal. Our Nature, 17 (1): 19–30.
35. R Core Team (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available online at https://www.R-project.org.
36. Schlosser, J. I. (1991). Stream fish ecology: a landscape perspective: land use, which influences the terrestrial-aquatic interface, can affect fish populations and their community dynamics. BioScience, 41 (10): 704–712. https://doi.org/10.2307/1311765 [DOI]
37. Shrestha, J. N. (2016). Fish diversity of Triyuga River, Udayapur District, Nepal. Our Nature, 14 (1): 124–134.
38. Shrestha, J., Singh, D. M. and Saund, T. B. (2009). Fish diversity of Tamor River and its major tributaries of eastern Himalayan region of Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 10: 219–223.
39. Shrestha, T. K. (2019). Ichthyology of Nepal: A study of fishes of the Himalayan waters. Second Edition. Prism Color Scanning and Press Supportive Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu, Nepal. 388 pp.
40. Spjøtvoll, E. and Stoline, M. R. (1973). An extension of the T-Method of multiple comparison to include the cases with unequal sample sizes. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 68 (344): 975–978. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1973.10481458 [DOI]
41. Subba, B. R., Pokharel, N. and Pandey, M. R. (2017). Ichthyo-faunal diversity of Morang district, Nepal. Our Nature, 15 (1–2): 55–67.
42. Talwar, P. K. and Jhingram, A. G. (1991). Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company, Ltd., New Delhi, India. 2 Volumes. 1158 pp.
43. Ter Braak, C. J. F. (1986). Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology, 67 (5): 1167–1179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938672 [DOI]
44. Vlach, P., Dušek, J., Švátora, M. and Moravec, P. (2005). Fish assemblage structure, habitat and microhabitat preference of five fish species in a small stream. Folia Zoologica, 54 (4): 421–431.
45. Wang, J. H., Tian, J. H. and Lü, X. G. (2010). Assessment of stream habitat quality in Naoli River Watershed, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30 (2), 481–486.
46. Wang, Q., Yuan, X.-Z., Liu, H. and Zhang, Y.-W. (2011). Rapid assessment model for mountain stream habitat and its application. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 42 (8): 928–933.
47. Yadav, S. N. (2017). Studies on fish diversity and need for their conservation of Singhiya River, Morang district, Eastern Nepal. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 6 (3): 78–81. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20170603.12 [DOI]
48. Yan, Y., Shan, H., Chu, L., Xiang, X., Jia, Y., Tao, J. and Chen, Y. (2010). Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblages in a subtropical small stream of the Huangshan Mountain. Current Zoology, 56 (6): 670–677. https://doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.6.670 [DOI]
49. Yu, S.-L. and Lee, T.-W. (2002). Habitat preference of the stream fish, Sinogastromyzon puliensis (Homalopteridae). Zoological Studies, 41 (2): 183–187.
50. Zeni, J. O. and Casatti, L. (2014). The influence of habitat homogenization on the trophic structure of fish fauna in tropical streams. Hydrobiologia, 726: 259–270
51. Zheng, B. H., Zhang, Y. and Li, Y. B. (2007). Study of indicators and methods for river habitat assessment of Liao River Basin. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 27: 928–936.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
| Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb